Q1. A 66-year-old male presents with severe abdominal pain and weight loss. He undergoes surgery, and it is found that the entire small bowel is infarcted, but the left colon is viable. What is the most probable cause of this condition?

Q2. A 22-year-old woman undergoes thyroid surgery. Histology reveals a non-encapsulated tumor with papillary projections and pale, empty nuclei. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Q3. A 32-year-old woman presents with difficulty swallowing and a 10-year history of anemia due to heavy menstrual bleeding. She has been resistant to treatment. What is the most probable underlying condition?

Q4. A 45-year-old woman presents with a fracture in the femoral shaft. Her medical history reveals that she had a thyroidectomy one year ago. What is the most likely cause of this fracture?

Q5. A 24-year-old man presents with weight loss and swollen lymph nodes. A biopsy is performed, and the histological report suggests granuloma formation with central necrosis. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Q6. A 38-year-old woman who smokes heavily presents with recurrent infections in her right breast. Examination reveals an indurated area around the nipple areolar complex, but imaging shows no mass. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Q7. A 73-year-old man presents with leg pain, especially when walking. Examination shows deformity in the right femur, which x-ray reveals to be thickened and sclerotic. His serum alkaline phosphatase is elevated, but calcium levels are normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Q8. A 22-year-old patient is diagnosed with bilateral acoustic neuromas. Which genetic disorder is most likely present?

Q9. A 53-year-old woman who had breast augmentation years ago presents with discomfort and tension in her implants. Upon removal, the surgeon discovers a dense membrane around the implants with a granular appearance. Histology reveals fibrosis and calcification. What is the underlying process?

Q10. A 44-year-old man undergoes a distal gastrectomy and receives 4 units of packed red cells due to anemia and perioperative blood loss. After the transfusion, he develops ECG changes unrelated to ischemia. What is the most likely cause?